What is Synthetic Data Generation?

Test data generation plays a critical role in software testing by creating representative datasets specifically designed to evaluate the functionality, performance, and reliability of an application under development. It’s typically used when production data isn’t accessible, or when testing new functionality for which production data isn’t available.

Test data generation must be configurable, enabling data teams to request the amount, and type, of data they want to generate, as well as the characteristics it should have.  

Synthetic test data, which is commonly used to test applications in a closed test environment before deployment to production, provides several benefits to testing teams. Not only does it give them total control over the datasets in use, but it also protects data privacy by delivering fake, but lifelike, information. Fictitious data can also be more efficient to use than production data because it allows testers to generate large amounts of test data quickly and easily.

Synthetic test data is used for:

• Progression testing, which tests new functionality that has been developed

• Negative testing, which ensures that the application handles invalid inputs correctly

• Boundary testing, which tests the limits an app can handle, like the largest input, or the maximum number of users

• Load testing, which stress-tests a system to ensure that it can accommodate massive amounts of data or simultaneous users

Synthetic data for testing is critical to data testing and DevOps teams, in cases where there’s not enough complete or relevant real-life data at hand. Not only does synthetic test data reduce the non-compliance and security risks (associated with using actual data in a test environment), but it’s also ideal for validating new applications, for which no data exists. In such cases, testing teams can match their requirements to the closest profiles available.

For test data management teams, whether the data is real or fake may not be an important criterion. More critical are the balance, bias, and quality of the datasets – and that the data maximizes test coverage. The benefits of synthetic test data include:

• Extended data coverage

  By controlling the specifications of the generated data, testing teams can synthesize the precise data they need for their specific test cases, to ensure full test coverage.

• Increased speed

  It’s a lot quicker and easier to define the parameters for synthetic data generation than to provision data subsets from disparate systems in the higher environment.

• Enhanced data protection 

  As opposed to data masking tools that are used to protect production data, synthetic data generation solutions create fake data that closely resembles real data, but without actual values that could lead to the identification of individuals.

In the synthetic test data vs test data masking comparison, IT and testing teams must decide which model suits their specific needs best.

Artificial data is used to train ML models because it's typically provisioned more quickly and easily than real data. The synthetic datasets let the model practice its skills in a closed environment before going live in production. The model learns patterns from the synthetic data and gets better at its task.

Data scientists often prefer synthetic over production data for training ML models, due to data:

• Augmentation

  Fake data is often used to supplement the original dataset by adding anomalies, noise, or other variations. Such additions improve the model’s ability to manage a wider range of input conditions, making it more versatile and robust.

• Diversity

  Real-life datasets don’t necessarily capture all possible scenarios, leading to biases or limited generalization. Fictitious data can introduce more diverse scenarios to ensure the model learns how to deal with a broader range of situations and inputs.

• Imbalance

  At times, a dataset has imbalanced classes, for example, when a particular class is either over- or under-represented. Artificial data addresses the imbalance by distributing majority and minority classes more equally.

• Privacy

  When handling sensitive information, fake data can be used to generate similar info without revealing an individual’s personal details. This anonymity lets model developers and testers use the data freely while also maintaining data privacy. Key privacy-driven synthetic data examples include users like clinics and hospitals (synthetic patient data) and banks and brokerages (synthetic financial data).

• Scarcity

  Sometimes, provisioning enough real-world data for training ML models can be extremely difficult. Fabricated data can augment available real data, increasing the size of the dataset to enable the model to learn more effectively

The 4 key synthetic data generation techniques are:

1. Generative AI

   Generative AI uses ML models, including Generative Pre-trained Transformer (GPT), Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs), and Variational Auto-Encoders (VAEs). The models’ algorithms learn from existing data to create an entirely new synthetic dataset that closely resembles the original.

   • GPT is a language model trained on extensive tabular data, capable of generating lifelike synthetic tabular data. GPT-based synthetic data generation solutions rely on understanding and replicating patterns from the training data, useful for augmenting tabular datasets and generating realistic tabular data for ML tasks.

   • GANs are based on "generator" and "discriminator" neural networks. While the generator creates realistic synthetic data, the discriminator distinguishes real data from synthetic data. During training, the generator competes with the discriminator to produce data that attempts to fool the model, eventually resulting in a high-quality synthetic dataset that closely resembles real data.

   • VAEs are based on an "encoder" and a "decoder". The encoder encapsulates the patterns and characteristics of actual data into a summary of sorts. The decoder attempts to turn that summary back into realistic data. In terms of tabular data, VAEs create fake rows of information that still follow the same patterns and characteristics as the real data.

2. Rules engine

   A rules engine creates data via user-defined business policies. Intelligence can be added to the generated data by referencing the relationships between the data elements, to ensure the relational integrity of the generated data.

3. Entity cloning

   Entity cloning extracts the data for a selected business entity (e.g., specific customer or loan) from all underlying sources, masking and cloning it on the fly. Since unique identifiers are created for each cloned entity, it’s ideal for quickly generating the massive amounts of data needed for load and performance testing.

4. Data masking

   Data masking retains the statistical properties and characteristics of the original production data, while protecting sensitive or personal information. It replaces private data with pseudonyms or altered values, ensuring privacy while preserving utility.

Here’s a synopsis of the pros and cons for each synthetic data generation method:

There are various synthetic data generation solutions on the market today. Before selecting one, make sure it can:

1. Generate imitation data to support a broad set of use cases:

   • Software testing

   • Training ML models

   • Privacy-compliant data sharing

   • Building product demos and prototypes

   • Behavioral simulations

2. Support the 4 key synthetic data generation techniques:

   • Generative AI

   • Rules engine

   • Entity cloning

   • Data masking

3. Manage the synthetic data lifecyle end to end:

   • Extract training data from all relevant source systems

   • Subset the training data to improve accuracy

   • Mask data to ensure compliance

   • Generate new data via any combination of data generation techniques

   • Reserve synthetic data to avoid users from overriding each other’s data

   • Version the generated data to allow for rolling back the data to prior versions

   • Load the data to the target systems

4. Mask data

   Automatically discover and mask personal identifiable information (PII) and sensitive data from the source data used to generate synthetic data, to ensure data privacy and compliance of production-sourced data.

5. Maintain relational integrity

   Ensure relational integrity – by leveraging metadata, schemas, and rules to learn the hierarchy and relationship between data objects across data sources – and preserve relational consistency of the data.

6. Access all data sources and targets

   Easily connect to, and integrate with, the source and target data stores relevant for the synthetic data.

7. Serve yourself for greater agility

   Provide testing and data science teams with self-service tools to control and manage the data generation process, e.g., configure and customize data generation functions, without being dependent on data & AI teams.

8. Integrate into CI/CD and ML automation pipelines 

   Easily integrate the synthetic data management process into your testing CI/CD and ML pipelines via APIs

Take a deep dive into the world of tabular synthetic data generation for software testing

Enterprises are turning to entity-based synthetic data generation software to create realistic but fake data, whose referential integrity is always enforced.

When artificial data is generated by business entity (customer, device, order, etc.), all the relevant data for each business entity is always generated, is contextually accurate, and consistent across systems.

The entity data model captures and classifies all the fields to be generated, across all systems, databases, and tables. It enforces referential integrity of the generated data by serving as a blueprint for the data generator – regardless of the synthetic data generation technique(s) employed:

• Generative AI: A GenAI approach is used to auto-discover PII and then train the model to create synthetic data based on the highest standards of AI data quality.

• Rules engine: A data generation rule is associated with each field in the entity schema, and the rules are auto-generated based on the field classifications

• Entity cloning: A single instance of a business entity is extracted and masked from the source systems, and is then cloned however many times are required, while generating new identifiers for each cloned entity.

• Data masking: When provisioning production data for software testing and analytics, the entity data is masked as a unit, ensuring referential integrity of the masked data.

There are many providers of tabular synthetic data generation software. The market is continually evolving, with vertical specialization tools, pure-play horizontal platforms, and extensions of existing data management platforms.   

Here's a list of the top 6 synthetic data companies:

1. K2view
   K2view goes beyond synthetic data generation with end-to-end management of the entire synthetic data lifecycle, including source data extraction, subsetting, pipelining, and synthetic data operations. It uses a combination of techniques to generate accurate, compliant, and realistic synthetic data for software testing and ML model training. Patented entity-based technology ensures referential integrity of the generated data by creating a schema which serves as a blueprint for the data model. K2view has been successfully implemented in numerous Fortune 500 companies around the world.

2. Gretel
   

   Gretel provides a synthetic data platform for developers and ML/AI engineers who use the platform's APIs to generate anonymized and safe synthetic data while preserving data privacy.
   

3. MOSTLY AI
   The MOSTLY AI synthetic data platform enables enterprises to unlock, share, fix, and simulate data. Although similar to actual data, its synthetic data retains valuable, granular-level information, while assuring private information is protected.

4. Syntho
   The Syntho AI-based engine generates a completely new, artificial dataset that reproduces the statistical characteristics of the original data. It allows users to minimize privacy risk, maximize data utility, and boost innovation through data sharing.

5. YData
   The YData data-centric platform enables the development and ROI of AI applications by improving the quality of training datasets. Data teams can use automated data quality profiling and improve datasets, leveraging state-of-the-art synthetic data generation.

6. Hazy
   Hazy models are capable of generating high quality synthetic data with a differential privacy mechanism. Data can be tabular, sequential (containing time-dependent events, like bank transactions), or dispersed through several tables in a relational database.

Synthetic data generation processes and solutions are evolving at a rapid pace. The following areas promise to introduce innovation that delivers better business outcomes across synthetic data use cases.

• Synthetic data operations

  The generation of artificial data is just one step in the synthetic data lifecycle. Data teams are now seeking methods and solutions to manage and automate the entire synthetic data lifecycle.

The synthetic data lifecycle can be divided into 4 basic phases:
       1. Connect to data sources and discover PII automatically.
       2. Generate the right synthetic data for each test case on demand.
       3. Control the generated data via reserving, aging, versioning, and rollback techniques.
       4. Automate your testing workflows by integrating synthetic data into your CI/CD pipelines.

• Improved data quality, accuracy, and reliability

  Since data professionals rely on accurate and high-quality data for their workloads, synthetic data companies will be driven to continually optimize their synthetic data generation algorithms, and solutions will emerge that generate vertical-specific synthetic data.

• Ethical and legal perspectives

  With the spread of synthetic data, legislators and regulators are paying more attention to its ethical and legal implications. IT and business teams need to be aware of these issues, and take them into account, as they develop.

• Integration with production data

  By integrating fake data with real-life data, data teams hope to generate more realistic and comprehensive datasets. For example, fake data could be used to close any gaps in actual datasets, augment real-life information to cover a broader scope of edge cases, and create test data to cover new application functionality being developed. 

• Emerging use cases

  Fictitious data is increasingly being used in new applications, such as autonomous automobiles and virtual reality. Researchers are exploring how artificial data can be used to improve the performance of AI systems in these, and other, emerging technologies.

Due to more and more stringent data privacy laws and the ever-increasing complexity of accessing and masking multi-source production data, the need for synthetic data generation and management is growing. 

Forward-looking organizations shouldn’t settle for point tools to generate tabular synthetic data for a specific use case, but should rather be seeking a future-ready solution – one that could address a multitude of use cases with accuracy and agility – while managing the entire synthetic data lifecycle. 

K2view has one of the only end-to-end synthetic data management tools, with support for a broad spectrum of enterprise use cases. It’s also the only solution that combines the 4 leading synthetic data generation techniques with a business entity approach, to deliver the most accurate, compliant, and reliable synthetic data.